10. Minor techniques

Some of these techniques, sometimes used on a laboratory scale, are difficult to industrialize. Their use during the development of a new formulation should be avoided, as the transition to pilot or industrial scale will be accompanied by a change of technique, which will create additional obstacles to extrapolation problems.

• Shake emulsification

  Emulsification by shaking is undoubtedly the simplest and most ancient method. It consists of introducing the two phases into a closed tube and shaking vigorously (similar to a shaker). Rest periods between two series of shaking operations improve results compared with continuous shaking.

• Laser-assisted "double syringe" emulsification

  The so-called "double syringe" technique (Tessari or DSS...