3. Molybdenum alloys

Zirconium, hafnium and titanium are the most effective alloying elements for increasing the recrystallization temperature and, consequently, the application range of molybdenum; their effect is not, however, cumulative. Their content never exceeds the solubility limit, but they do improve tensile strength at both ambient and temperature levels. In what follows, we will separate alloys hardened by carbide precipitation, alloys in which carbides are substituted and alloys strengthened by phase dispersion, then turn our attention to ceramics.