Conclusion and outlook

Already, for all rolling operations in the strict sense of the term, various finite element software packages are capable of perfectly describing the fields of strain, stress, residual stress and temperature for a given pass. These advances have considerably advanced our understanding of thermomechanical phenomena. Whenever end effects can be neglected, stationary, time-efficient and industrially applicable software is available, making it possible to sequence passes. If we still have to remain critical of the results (and we always do!), it's because the input data, and especially the coefficient of friction and contact heat transfer coefficient, are poorly known. Mechanical properties are better known, but we suspect that the determination of anisotropy, or the influence of high cold deformation rates, is still inadequate.

This text, dedicated to the 2D vision...