1. Formulation
In the mineral skeleton of an alkaline copper-plating electrolyte, the soluble copper in the mother phase is in the monovalent state (Cu + ). The formulation involves dissolving copper cyanide powder (CuCN) in an excess of potassium cyanide (KCN), in the presence of a slight excess of potassium hydrogen carbonate (KHCO 3 ) and potash (KOH), which provide the alkalinity required for the mixture's chemical stability. Potassium-based products are more expensive than their sodium-based counterparts, but they feature better solubility as well as lower kinematic viscosity and higher ionic conductivity, properties that notably extend the average life of a bath (solubility of KHCO 3 ) and facilitate rinsing of parts.
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Formulation
Thermodynamic aspects
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