4. Heat exchange
Heat exchanges are very important and depend fundamentally on the endothermicity or exothermicity of the reactions. Recent techniques, such as oxygen injection, the use of thermal plasmas or induction furnaces, improve conventional heat balances.
4.1 Exothermic and endothermic reactions
Exothermic reactions include the combustion of coke, gas or fuel oil, sulfide roasting reactions and metallothermic reactions. In some furnaces, such as sintering grates
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Heat exchange
Typical pyrometallurgy diagrams
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