3. Analysis and controls
To assess the effectiveness of secondary metallurgy treatments and, if necessary, influence process implementation, high-performance, precise methods have been developed in recent years to analyze metal composition, particularly very low levels of certain elements, and to characterize inclusional cleanliness.
3.1 Elementary analysis
Using samples taken from the bath itself, the analysis enables the majority of steel constituents to be checked.
Most elements are currently analyzed by spark optical emission spectrometry, including nitrogen, or by X-ray fluorescence. Only carbon and sulfur, when present in low concentrations, are analyzed by a complementary method of combustion under a carrier gas. Oxygen, which will be dealt with in the...
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Analysis and controls
Conclusions. The future of secondary metallurgy
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