4. Organic lasers
When Theodore Maiman built the first laser in 1960, producing stimulated emission at 694.3 nm by exciting a ruby (an aluminum oxide crystal Al 2 O 3 containing chromium Cr 3+ impurities), no one could have imagined the tremendous societal impact this discovery would have. In just a few decades, we've gone from an "invention in search of applications" to an ever-expanding market worth almost $8 billion. While this market is still largely dominated by inorganic lasers,...
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Organic lasers
Organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs)
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