3. Raw materials used in traditional ceramics (main specifications, origin, production, etc.)

The extraction and preparation of raw materials is generally a separate business carried out by specialized companies distinct from ceramic manufacturers, with the exception of terracotta, where manufacturers, particularly those located in close proximity to their deposits, may own and operate them themselves. The means available to raw material producers to meet specifications, ensure consistency, and control costs rely mainly on selection during extraction, the ability to produce mixtures, and varying degrees of processing (Box 5).

It is also essential to consider sustainability and to take into account the constraints imposed by nature. Once extracted, a ton cannot be recovered in its original form. The next ton, if it exists, may be similar, but it will always have differences. Consequently, every deposit evolves in terms of quality and cost as it is exploited,...