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Traditional ceramics are made from natural mineral raw materials and used for domestic applications like arts of the table, floor and wall tiles, sanitaryware ceramics and earthenware materials for building.The purpose of this paper is to describe the requirements coming from the usage, from the raw materials and from the processes, to make understand the technical and scientific problems to be solved and to make evidence of their economic, industrial and environmental interest.
Due to its unique qualities, glass is a material that is used extensively for strengthening purposes; it is particularly used to reinforce plastic. After an overview of the various types of glass (whether for general or special purposes), by analyzing their compositions and standards provided, this article proposes a study of the general and mechanical properties of fibers. Manufacturing processes are reviewed (composition and raw materials, fusion and development, fiber orientation and sizing, as well as finishing and recyclability). An industrial presentation of fiber reinforcements is also made, it develops textile strands; woven or non-woven, mats, chopped strands, milled fibers, etc. Finally, the use of a variety of finished products is reviewed.
Although the idea of using ceramics for ballistic protection dates back to the 1940s, it was in the 1060s that ceramics were combined with a polymer backing to form composite protection. Since then, improvements in protection performance have focused on the key element of the concept: ceramics. This article describes the concept of ceramic armor and the mechanisms involved during a ballistic impact. The mechanical properties of the ceramics, used in the event are presented, and the three reference ceramics, alumina, silicon carbide and boron carbide, are introduced. The article includes a comparison of their mechanical performances and illustrates, on the basis of a concrete example, the differences in terms of ballistic performance.
Glass-ceramics are innovative composite materials made from crystals dispersed in a glass matrix. Their elaboration is performed by the partial and controlled crystallization of a glass. The mastery of the various nucleation/growth processes leading to the final microstructure and the wide choice of glass forming compositions provide access to various functional materials that can combine a large number of mechanical, thermal, optical, energetic and bioactive properties.
Ultra-High-Temperature Ceramics (UHTCs) are materials that withstand temperatures above 2000 °C. These materials are being strongly developed in several countries for applications in the fields of space (heat shields for vehicles), energy (propulsion, solar, nuclear, etc. and more generally wherever very high temperatures are present. Depending on the environment encountered (strong oxidant, reducing agent, etc.), the choice of a ceramic will be made according to its resistance over time, and so its properties in use are very important to know. In this article, some examples are presented for different fields of application.
This article deals with the different technologies for producing ceramic parts with different additive manufacturing processes. After a presentation of the principle of additive manufacturing, the associated elements of the numerical chain and some problems that may arise, the different technologies used to produce ceramic parts are presented. For each one, the technical principle, advantages, limitations and some examples of application are provided. Technical and technical-economic utility is discussed, and the article ends with the new problems generated by the industrialization and quality control of these processes.
Characterization techniques for materials have been described in numerous manuals, but very few have focused on ceramics. This article is addressed to students and engineers to help them answer the following two questions: Why is it necessary to characterize ceramics? What method should be used to evaluate ceramic behavior in use conditions? The principle of each technique is briefly described together with test conditions according to the intrinsic properties of ceramic materials.
Even though ceramics are known to resist corrosion far better than most other metals, the problem is becoming more and more prevalent. There are two distinct forms of corrosion: corrosion by hot gases, and molten metal, salt or oxide corrosion. Thermodynamic modeling, common to all kinds of reactivity involving solids, is subsequently presented. However, it is shown that thermodynamics is far from being a substitute for practical studies, kinetics, wetting, etc... Nothing can therefore replace a study of each ceramic/environment pairing based on the target applications.
Refractory ceramics are materials which resist high temperatures. They are basically used in the ?firing industries?. These materials are of considerable economic and strategic importance and striving for better performances is a major challenge to these industries: ? the direct consumption cost of these refractory materials is very high ? these materials play an important role in ensuring the reliability of fabrication units and the security of personnel. The choice of the refractory ceramics depends on the industrial environment: the temperature, the corrosion and the thermo mechanical solicitations. In this article the definition and design of refractory ceramics, use properties and wear factors will be presented.
Ceramics have progressed considerably since the second half of the 20th century. They became the major actors in "Materials Science", with metals, polymers and natural materials. They have extremely diverse compositions, and their potential future developments are far from fully explored. Today’s engineers cannot ignore them when designing new products or when improving older ones. In this article, the specific features of this class of materials are examined, along with the techniques used for their fabrication. A classification of these materials is proposed according to their different uses.
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