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The simulation of ceramic sintering is an essential tool for predicting deformations, estimating final properties, and optimizing industrial processes. This article examines the main challenges in modeling, such as heating of large parts, deformation control, and thermal cycle optimization. Various finite element–based models are presented, along with their mechanisms and the experimental identification of parameters. Thermo-mechanical coupling is discussed, as well as innovative processes such as flash and microwave sintering. Several examples illustrate the contribution of simulation to structures engineering, heating rates, and the transition toward faster sintering cycles.
Dissolution, slag infiltration into the porosity of refractories, and erosion of the transformed surface are all mechanisms involved in the degradation of refractories by slag in steelmaking. The examples presented—based on industrial practices—illustrate the corrosion of different families of refractories during the stages of steel production.
A wide variety of refractory materials are used in a steel mill, with approximately 500 commercial grades for consumable refractories alone. This is due to an ongoing effort to optimize their performance and costs. From the upstream to the downstream sections of the plant, several major families of refractories are used, all of which are absolutely essential and whose development has at times been a key factor in the emergence of steelmaking processes—for example, magnesia-carbon bricks for the oxygen-blown converter process in the 1970s. During steel production, slags and temperatures vary significantly across different furnaces and equipment; this is the primary reason why different types of refractories must be used.
This article presents the mechanisms of water-induced alteration of silicate glasses with a special focused on those for nuclear waste containment. It details the influence of various key parameters, such as temperature, pH, and changes in the composition of both the glasses and the solution, on these mechanisms, and explains how the competition between different alteration processes leads to kinetics that may vary over several orders of magnitude. The experimental methods that can be used to quantify the alteration kinetics of glasses are also presented.
This article concerns ceramic capacitors, passive components used in every domain of electronics. Their electrical performance and properties depend on their manufacturing technology and on the nature of their dielectric and metal materials. Choice of capacitor type depends on the desired application. It must take into account the value of the desired capacitance and the behavior of the dielectric according to the conditions of use. Implementation and bonding technologies together with reliability and cost constraints are other choice factors to consider.
In order to address the fragility, complexity and cost of ceramic parts, the industry has developed ceramic coatings on metal parts with a thickness ranging from a few millimeters up to several meters. The thin deposits (of less than a few millimeters) are formed either by physical vapor deposition evaporation assisted by electrons, ions, plasma, laser, or by chemical vapor deposition assisted or not by plasma. Thick deposits (from 50 to a few millimeters) are achieved by spraying particles of a few tens of millimeters via flame or thermal plasma. Certain application examples, related to the properties of the deposits obtained, are presented. After having provided a brief assessment of the costs of the various deposits, this article deals with development prospects.
Calcium phosphate-based biomaterials (CaP) have developed considerably over the last decades due to their excellent biocompatibility and bioactivity. The main calcium phosphates used as biomaterials as well as their synthesis routes and their physico-chemical properties are described. Various processing techniques and a few applications are detailed: bioceramics, coatings, cements and composites. Biological properties and standards are also presented.
Traditional ceramics are made from natural mineral raw materials and used for domestic applications like arts of the table, floor and wall tiles, sanitaryware ceramics and earthenware materials for building.The purpose of this paper is to describe the requirements coming from the usage, from the raw materials and from the processes, to make understand the technical and scientific problems to be solved and to make evidence of their economic, industrial and environmental interest.
Due to its unique qualities, glass is a material that is used extensively for strengthening purposes; it is particularly used to reinforce plastic. After an overview of the various types of glass (whether for general or special purposes), by analyzing their compositions and standards provided, this article proposes a study of the general and mechanical properties of fibers. Manufacturing processes are reviewed (composition and raw materials, fusion and development, fiber orientation and sizing, as well as finishing and recyclability). An industrial presentation of fiber reinforcements is also made, it develops textile strands; woven or non-woven, mats, chopped strands, milled fibers, etc. Finally, the use of a variety of finished products is reviewed.
Ceramic biomaterials have been used for orthopedic prostheses since 1965. Alumina, and later zirconia and zirconia-alumina composites were successively introduced, mainly for wear couples (head-cup) in total hip arthroplasty. This article examines these materials, their history, advantages and drawbacks. It concludes with an overview of the developments to come in materials and devices.
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