6. New trends

6.1 Integrative samplers

Determining the weight-average concentration, which is a fundamental part of ecological risk assessment for chemical stresses, is difficult, if not impossible, without extensive and repetitive spot sampling. Among the methods that can overcome these problems, integrative sampling represents a reliable, robust and inexpensive alternative that can be used in monitoring programs across Europe [33] . These systems are now seen as defining an emerging strategy for the control of a proportion of priority pollutants. Integrative samplers...