2. The main principles to be implemented

2.1 Understanding current environmental issues

The first principle for innovating or designing sustainably is, of course, to learn about environmental issues. As this is a relatively broad field, a good place to start is with planetary boundaries (see bibliography: Portail Notre Environnement, 2023). Their number may vary from one approach to another, but nine are generally cited:

• climate change;

• the erosion of biodiversity;

• disruption of nitrogen and phosphorus cycles;

• land use change;

• the freshwater cycle;

• the introduction of new entities into the biosphere;...