1. Understand the notion of "real time" as applied to business intelligence

The "real time web" refers to a set of technologies and practices that enable the instant transmission of information across the web. This means that data and updates are immediately available and accessible to users as soon as they are published, without the need for manual refreshes or periodic page updates. Initiated in the 2000s with social networks such as Twitter, this notion developed particularly in the 2010s, with the advent of smartphones and the widespread use of push notifications on mobile applications. More recently, the Internet of Things and the real-time analysis of large quantities of data (Big Data) have added new dimensions.

In this context, the notion of "real-time monitoring" corresponds to the automated collection and analysis of content published on social media and the "real time web", as well as content published on traditional sites, as...