1. The MaaS concept

1.1 From the 1990s to today, from electronic banking to MaaS

Public transport went digital very early on. Electronic payment systems were developed as early as the 1990s, as was passenger information. But the tools for payment and information have progressed along parallel paths right up to the present day. It's vital to understand these compartmentalized strategies, so as to understand why the "plan-book-ticket" (plan, book, pay) formula put forward by a French player is not so obvious today.

On the one hand, payment... Since the 1990s, there has been a succession of innovations...