2. Should calibration be replaced by monitoring?

There is no easy answer to this question. The real questions a laboratory needs to ask itself are "Why calibrate?" and "Why monitor?

The laboratory must carry out calibrations to ensure the accuracy of its measuring instruments, and to ensure their connection to the international system of units. This is also an essential requirement of accreditation, and will be systematically verified during external assessments carried out by the accreditation body. So there's no question of stopping calibrations.

The laboratory must also implement monitoring to ensure that its measurement processes do not drift over time, and that they maintain performance equivalent to the initial qualification. In other words, the laboratory must set up monitoring systems if it wants to be reassured every day about the performance of its measurement processes....