2. Instrumentation

2.1 Component organization

Devices can be divided into two categories:

• single-beam devices, which are further subdivided into direct-beam and inverted-beam devices;

• double-beam devices, with direct optical mounting.

The choice of equipment will depend on the problems to be solved: double-beam equipment is arguably the most powerful in terms of analysis capabilities and metrological characteristics, and is generally the most expensive! On the other hand, many single-beam devices...