Context

Warning system for electric vehicles - Security and sound design

Figure 1 - Illustration of lateral and lateral &#43; right-turn trajectories (according to [2])

Figure 2 - Comparison of noise emissions from internal combustion vehicles (I and II) and a hybrid vehicle in electric mode [40].

Figure 3 - Spectrum (frequency, level) of vehicle noise in electric mode (E) and thermal mode (ICE)

Figure 4 - Detection distance for different vehicles

Figure 5 - Examples of vehicle and equipment noise levels compared with ambient noise levels [27].

Figure 6 - Variation in the sound emission spectrum of ambient noise

Figure 7 - At-risk situations: a parallel approach

Figure 8 - Risky situation: perpendicular approach

Figure 9 - Hazardous location: parking lot

Figure 10 - Parallel approach collision avoidance options

Figure 11 - Prototype acoustic device for electric vehicle sound systems (extract from [6] 1996)

Figure 12 - Architecture details of the Renault Zoé sound synthesis engine

Figure 13 - Sound emission spectrum of a horn-type horn

Figure 14 - Sound emission diagram for a &#34;bicycle bell&#34; type horn

Figure 15 - Minimum sound level thresholds derived from proposals in Europe-Japan and the United States and emission spectrum of two vehicles at 10 km/h (top) and 20 km/h (bottom).

Figure 16 - AVAS sonogram

Figure 17 - Test track for noise level measurement

Figure 18 - Switching between electric (E) and internal combustion (IC) vehicles

Figure 19 - Pass-by noise spectrum of vehicles in electric (E), thermal (IC) and background modes

Figure 20 - Stationary noise spectra in thermal (IC) and electrical (E) modes

Figure 21 - AVAS spectrum changes with speed