General conclusion

The application of environmental management or, more generally, eco-engineering, is currently gaining considerable momentum within industrial and regional organizations, through processes for the recovery, reuse and recycling of secondary raw materials (waste, effluents, discharges). The regulatory context, both national and international, and the emergence of scientific and technical standards are accelerating the process of bringing systems (organizations and processes) into line with one another. However, it is clear that these different implementations are proceeding from the same pattern of innovation, through successive additions of processes, or even incremental measures. In other words, environmental engineering design has not yet really succeeded in integrating the two principles of thermodynamics throughout the entire life cycle of materials and resources, and has been reduced...