Evolution of alloys used

Titanium and titanium alloys. Suitable materials for medical applications

Figure 1 - Biocompatibility of metallic elements and certain alloys [1].

Figure 2 - Influence of loading conditions on bone remodeling

Figure 3 - Bone density varies with stimulus level

Figure 4 - Evolution of the bone matrix after 24 weeks of implantation [28].

Figure 5 - Influence of potential alloying elements on evotion parameters ...

Figure 6 - Relationship between e/a value and quench microstructures reflecting phase stability ... [33]

Figure 7 - Shear moduli and Young&#039;s modulus values for various transition metals [32].

Figure 8 - Pseudo-binary diagram of titanium alloys [M 1 335].

Figure 9 - Schematic representation of austenitic and martensitic crystal lattices

Figure 10 - Martensitic transformation

Figure 11 - Influence of the concentration of addition elements on the Ms martensitic transformation onset temperature [35].

Figure 12 - DSC curves obtained for a binary titanium alloy with the composition Ti-24Nb (at.%) [36].

Figure 13 - Constant stress tests on a binary titanium alloy of composition Ti-26Nb

Figure 14 - Different loading paths schematized on a state diagram of the austenite-martensite transformation

Figure 15 - Tensile curves with load-unload cycles highlighting three areas of mechanical behavior

Figure 16 - X-ray diffractograms and optical micrographs of microstructures obtained after quenching

Figure 17 - Characterization of the two maclage systems for ...-metastable alloys

Figure 18 - Influence of oxygen concentration on the mechanical properties of Ti-22Nb alloy (at.%) treated at 900°C and then quenched in water [40].

Figure 19 - Different methods of severe plastic deformation

Figure 20 - Qualitative TTT diagram – Effect of hyper-deformation on precipitation kinetics (dotted curve)

Figure 21 - Effect of 300°C heat treatment on the modulus of elasticity of cold-hyperdeformed Ti-26Nb and Ti-24Nb alloys

Figure 22 - TEM images of Ti-26Nb composition alloy hyperdeformed and tempered 10 min [36].

Figure 23 - Tensile curve for Ti-26Nb composition alloy, hyperdeformed and tempered 10 min.

Figure 24 - Representations of the various modeling elements

Figure 25 - Representations of pairs of elements in contact with cortical bone/implant

Figure 26 - Mean Von Mises stress differences in the peri-implant bone between dentin (reference) and steel, TA6V or Ti-Nb

Figure 27 - Stress jump at the bone/implant interface: gap between dentin (reference) and steel, TA6V or Ti-Nb