Conclusion

Urban biodiversity: from ecology to landscape planning

Figure 1 - In midsummer, avenue trees provide important shade for city life (photo: P. Clergeau)

Figure 2 - A park is a place to relax and recharge one&#039;s batteries, essential to a hectic, confined city life, as seen here in Paris (photo: P. Clergeau).

Figure 3 - One of the results of the ECOVILLE research program: confirmation of a heat island over the city of Rennes on February 25, 2005 (see [22]).

Figure 4 - Diagram of Rennes parks: ornamental and then recreational public parks were supplemented by large parks on the bangs of the city at the end of the 20the century (according to [24]).

Figure 5 - Urbanization gradient defined and generalized by scientists to facilitate comparison of results obtained in different cities around the world.

Figure 7 - Increased habitat fragmentation leading to the disappearance of specialist and wide-ranging species

Figure 8 - Schematic diagram of system structure modifications by opening a corridor in a forest (after [45])

Figure 9 - Landscape elements in landscape ecology

Figure 10 - Various diagnostics enable us to propose different scenarios depending on the desired objectives; the grey area corresponds to the urbanized part (in [61]).

Figure 12 - The edge should be restored as far as possible. Its structure limits the effects of the open environment on the woodland and it is home to a rich fauna.

Figure 13 - The cross-referencing of diagnostics results in final maps with recommendations (bottom left map) or prioritization of actions (bottom right map) (according to [75]).

Figure 14 - Roof planted on slab and play of volumes on facade to host spontaneous biodiversity at the School of Biodiversity in Boulogne-Billancourt (design and photo: Chartier-Dalix).