Biophysical constraints of tropical agriculture

Ecological intensification of soils in tropical agriculture: roles of soil biodiversity

Figure 1 - (a) Soil temperature regime map and (b) soil moisture regime map (USDA, Soil climate map, USDA-NRCS, Soil Science Division, World Soil Resources, Washington D.C.)

Figure 2 - Map of the world&#039;s soils [5]

Figure 3 - Cycle diagram of the role of free-living microorganisms in soil organic matter (SOM) dynamics and nutrient recycling (&#64;Laetitia Bernard)

Figure 5 - Phytase expression in Bradyrhizobium elkanii in symbiosis in nodules of two soybean cultivars (a-c vs b-d) and in conditions limiting (c-d) or not (a-b) in inorganic P[16].

Figure 10 - Soil microbial loop (&#64;Jean Trap)

Figure 11 - Mushroom wheel in a termite mound in Madagascar, 8 to 10 cm long (&#64;Eric Blanchart)

Figure 12 - A field of termite mounds in mid-west Madagascar (&#64;Eric Blanchart)

Figure 13 - Pontoscolex corethrurus adult (&#64;malalatiana Razafindrakoto)

Figure 14 - Heteronychus arator rugifrons: both adult and larva are bioaggressors, attacking rice crowns and roots respectively (&#64;R. Randriamanantsoa &amp; H. P. Aberlenc)

Figure 15 - Plant-parasitic nematode that pierces plant roots with a stylet (&#64;Jean Trap)

Figure 18 - Dry cereal-native shrub association: here, millet and Guiera senegalensis in Senegal (&#64;Matthew Bright, OSU)

Figure 19 - Multi-criteria performance indicator for different fertilization practices and experimental set-up

Figure 20 - Inoculation of Pontoscolex corethrurus earthworms in cereal crops on ferralsol in Madagascar (©Onja Ratsiatosika)

Figure 21 - Percentage increase in various rice traits due to the presence of earthworms according to upland rice varieties (after [71])

Figure 22 - SE-CURE methodological approach to optimize soil ecological functions for sustainable provision of agrosystem services (after [47])