2. Make-up water

Natural" make-up water can be classified into four categories:

• rainwater ;

• surface water: rivers, lakes, surface reservoirs;

• groundwater: from springs, wells, groundwater ;

• seawater.

With the development of membrane technology, combined with the zero-emission objectives of industrial companies seeking to reduce their environmental impact, the use of wastewater as make-up water for cooling circuits is set to grow. However, the cost of pre-treatment still limits its use to specific situations (scarcity of make-up water, high water prices).