1. Industrial evaporators

Before going any further, we advise the reader to read the article [J 2 320] . It contains useful information on evaporation, and although some paragraphs are no longer totally relevant, most of the descriptions are still interesting.

There are a dozen different types of evaporator. However, only three main types are particularly suitable for wastewater concentration: the climbing evaporator, the falling-flow evaporator and the forced-circulation evaporator.

Three types of crystallizer can be used to enhance the value of one or more products; they are described in § 1.6.1