Mechanism and modeling of CO2 SC plant extraction

Supercritical CO2 extraction on natural biomass

Figure 1 - Phase diagram of a pure substance

Figure 2 - Illustration of the phase change of CO2 in a visualization cell (Credit: IFS)

Figure 3 - Change in CO2 density as a function of pressure at three different temperatures (Credit: IFS)

Figure 4 - Change in CO2 density as a function of temperature at five different pressures (Credit: IFS)

Figure 5 - CO2 SC iso-density curves (Credit: IFS)

Figure 6 - Change in CO2 viscosity as a function of temperature at four different pressures (Credit: IFS)

Figure 7 - Change in the specific heat of CO2 as a function of temperature at five different pressures (Credit: IFS)

Figure 8 - Example of CO2 SC extrema line (Credit: Mouahid et al.)

Figure 9 - Solubility of metabolites in relation to solvent polarity (Credit: Kassing et al.)

Figure 10 - Example of carotenoid extraction yield from Dunaliella salina microalgae dried by hot air flow at two different water contents (Credit: Mouahid et al.)

Figure 11 - General overview of CO2 SC extraction kinetics (Credit: Mouahid)

Figure 12 - Isotherm of caffeine solubility in SC CO2 as a function of pressure (Credit: Azevedo et al.)

Figure 13 - Preferred paths (IFS credit)

Figure 14 - Pre-treatment steps: grinding &#43; screening (Credit: Mouahid)

Figure 15 - Types of extraction kinetics according to Sovova&#039;s model (Credit: Mouahid)

Figure 16 - Examples of extraction baskets (100 ml, 1 L) (Credit: IFS)

Figure 17 - Top view of a 150 L extraction unit (Credit: Innovation Fluides Supercritiques)

Figure 18 - Schematic diagram of solid extraction using CO2 SC

Figure 19 - Schematic diagram of liquid fractionation using CO2 SC

Figure 20 - CO2 SC laboratory extraction equipment equipped with a sapphire separator (Credit: Innovation Fluides Supercritiques)

Figure 21 - Semi-industrial CO2 SC extraction unit (batch and fractionation column) (Credit: Supercritical Fluids Laboratory)

Figure 22 - Selective extraction of waxes, lipids, and antioxidants using supercritical CO2 (Credit: Attard et al.)

Figure 23 - Brown rice processing unit using CO2 SC in Taiwan (Credit: Natex)

Figure 24 - CO2 SC extraction plant (Credit: Cyanotech, Hawaii)

Figure 25 - Industrial facility for supercritical hop extraction (Germany) (Credit: Natex)

Figure 26 - Industrial CO2 SC extraction unit for cork flour at DIAM Bouchage (France) (Credit: Natex)

Figure 27 - Industrial unit for CO2 SC extraction from cork flour at Amorim Cork (Credit: Feyecon)