6. Surface conditions

6.1 Introduction

Advances in measurement instrument technology and associated software are paving the way for a three-dimensional approach to surfaces for which 2D analysis is not meaningful, such as non-isotropic or structured surfaces.

Surface conditions can now be characterized by two-dimensional or three-dimensional observations: these are referred to as 2D EDS or 3D EDS.

Standardization within the framework of GPS provides a framework, mainly through two series...