11. Solar

Solar radiation can be used to generate heat (solar thermal) or electricity (solar photovoltaic). In production, these means of collecting energy have a negligible impact on the environment.

For concentrated solar power, mirror cleaning and wet cooling in the desert require a quantity of water of the order of 3.8 L/kWh, which is not available locally.

The manufacture of photovoltaic (PV) panels is energy-intensive, producing waste and pollution. While the lifespan of a photovoltaic panel can reach around 30 years, the energy to manufacture it represents around 4 to 5 years of its production. This is why, as can be seen from the figure