5. Technology and Implementation
5.1 Technological aspects of protective measures
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For a very long time, safety systems consisted solely of electromechanical devices. They included measuring components that involved three categories of phenomena:
induction-based devices: disc relays, which operate on a principle similar to that of energy meters, and bell relays;
electromagnetic actuators: plunger-core relays or toggle-arm relays;
Electrodynamic actuators: moving-frame relays.
Certain mechanical parts, particularly the contacts, were fragile and had to be handled with care. Furthermore, since the moving parts were at rest when there were no faults,...
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Technology and Implementation
Appendix: Three-phase Networks Under Fault Conditions
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