11. Frequency bandwidth

11.1 General limitation

The total bandwidth of an active antenna depends on the bandwidth of its components:

• radiating elements ;

• modules ;

• distributor/consumer.

Generally speaking, it is not very difficult to obtain 10 to 15% of total bandwidth. In addition to the mismatching of radiating elements and distributor components, the reduced efficiency and gain of module amplifiers contribute to a loss of antenna gain compared with its theoretical value of 4πS/ λ ²