Overview
ABSTRACT
This article discusses photovoltaic energy, a technology that directly converts the sun's energy, consisting of photons, into electricity.
First, the scientific principles of photovoltaics are discussed to explain the physical mechanisms that enable this direct conversion and their technological implications. The different losses within a cell are explained as well as the technological tools to limit each of them.
The various existing technologies at different levels of maturity are presented, with a focus on the dominant technology: crystalline silicon, whose overall value chain is described in detail. Finally, the technological perspectives are briefly discussed.
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Read the articleAUTHOR
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Pierre-Jean RIBEYRON: Deputy Director of CEA LITEN in charge of technologies, Grenoble, France
INTRODUCTION
Photovoltaic energy is the renewable energy source with the greatest potential of all renewable energies and is a unique asset in helping humanity achieve carbon neutrality.
The photovoltaic effect observed in a semiconductor material consists of the conversion of photons from the solar spectrum into electron-hole pairs, enabling the generation of an electric current in a photovoltaic cell. The photovoltaic cells are then connected in series within a photovoltaic module, which increases the voltage and protects the cells from external damage.
Throughout the history of photovoltaic development, various semiconductors and technologies have been implemented to maximize both the conversion efficiency of the solar spectrum and the lifespan of devices, while also minimizing manufacturing costs. These key parameters have a major impact on the cost of electricity generated by photovoltaic modules in a power plant or on the roof of a building, for example.
As it has developed, different technologies have competed with each other, with these three parameters as key indicators of success. They are described in more detail in the article, along with their advantages and disadvantages. Their place within R&D and industry and their fields of application are also described. Particular focus is placed on the current dominant technology: crystalline silicon and the various associated cell and module technologies, as well as its value chain. Finally, future technological trends are discussed in a ten-year projection.
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KEYWORDS
photonics | photovoltaic | silicon technology | crystalline silicon
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Photovoltaic technologies
Photovoltaics: how a cell works, losses, and strategies to limit them
Bibliography
Standards and norms
- Photovoltaic (PV) modules for terrestrial applications – Design qualification and certification. - EC 61215 -
- Établit les exigences concernant la qualification de conception des modules photovoltaïques terrestres appropriés à un fonctionnement de longue durée dans des climats à l'air libre. La durée de vie utile des modules, ainsi qualifiés, dépend de leur conception, de leur environnement et de leurs conditions...
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