Conclusion

This article presents a set of protocols and several architectures that enable the hybridization of connectivity services. This hybridization increases network resilience and service quality by adapting data flow routing to application constraints or simply increasing available throughput. This hybridization can occur at different layers of the OSI stack; deployment therefore depends on the environment in which it is planned.

However, challenges remain: managing asymmetries (latency and jitter), end-to-end security, and multi-domain orchestration. Energy consumption in non-terrestrial networks is emerging as a key issue, with adaptations for low-power terminals and optimized HARQ. Artificial intelligence for dynamic routing – —notably beam management via ephemerides, as illustrated by 3GPP’s work on NWDAF – —promises significant optimization, though it has not yet...