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This article outlines the satellite system definition process for civil communications, from the initial requirement description to the final architecture.It first details how an operator defines their needs, then discusses the key technical and regulatory sizing criteria, before presenting the solution's main design elements. The article uses these criteria to objectively compare geostationary and non-geostationary orbits, which are crucial for TV broadcasting and low-latency internet access
The 802.11ah standard, also known as Wi-Fi HaLow, is a wireless communication solution specifically designed to meet IoT requirements. It takes the features of traditionnal Wi-Fi and integrates new mechanisms to:-increase the transmission range to a few kilometers;-optimize energy consumption;-manage a large number of devices.This article presents and describes the features of the Wi-Fi HaLow protocol, its functionalities and energy management methods. Simple theoretical models are also proposed, in order to qualify these performances and envisage fields of application.
Although their ground coverage is lower, communication repeaters housed in “high-altitude or low-altitude platform stations” (HAPS/LAPS) have significant advantages over those carried by satellites in terms of reduced implementation, deployment and operating costs.HAPS/LAPS dedicated to firefighting or territorial surveillance can also be associated with communication satellites in order to extend high-speed, low-latency wireless connectivity on a global scale.This article describes the constraints to which HAPS and LAPS, used to provide complementary global connectivity to communication networks, will be subject, as well as the main lines of the various experiments currently underway.
"High or low altitude platform stations" (HAPS or LAPS), carrying communications equipment, can use several forms of support depending on the specific functions required and the complementary uses sought. Thus, balloons, airships, unmanned aircraft or drones can play two roles by participating in the surveillance of the nearby territory and in the construction of a network complementary to traditional communication networks ensuring complementary global connectivity of a non-terrestrial type.The economics and regulation of these space supports currently being tested remain to be specified."
Networks and services are more and more complex both in terms of supported features, sophisticated services to be delivered, number of devices, technologies, number of serviced customers, etc. Also, given that networks are dynamic, advanced tools are needed to:- (automatically) identify root causes of anomalies, disseminate telemetry information, emulate “what-if” scenarios (e.g., Digital Twin Networks), feasibility checks, planning, etc.;- expose capabilities to be consumed by services;- capture service requirements.The lack of standard data models raised in the past many challenges in system integration and often resulted in manual configuration tasks and quasi static actions.
Initially adapted to support the broadcasting of content with a satellite system, the DVB standard is constantly evolving to enable new services, to meet the needs of the satellite telecommunications market. In particular, the DVB-S2 and DVB-RCS2 developments make it possible to provide bi-directional services.This article presents the main characteristics of a satellite system using the DVB standard to provide Internet access and the challenges of optimizing the use of the radio resource associated with the use of this technology.
This article presents the main issues and technological challenges associated with the introduction of satellites into the standards defined by the 3GPP.After a reminder of the elements making up access defined by the 3GPP for the case of satellites without digital processing capacity on board, the technical solutions proposed by the 3GPP are presented. For the case of regenerative satellites, two scenarios are considered : gNB entirely on board or distributed between the edge and the ground. The main constraints and associated characteristics are presented.
This article details IP Fast ReRoute solution for IP networks or MPLS networks running LDP or Segment Routing. Fast ReRoute is a pre-computed reaction local to a router. It allows for a very fast reaction (sub 50ms) in case of link or node failure. The article starts with comparing regular IP rerouting to Fast ReRoute, then existing Fast ReRoute solutions are presented: LFA (Loop Free Alternate), RLFA (Remote Loop Free Alternate), and TI-LFA (Topology Independent Loop Free Alternate). For each solution, the article describes its features, the way it works, and its applicability.
The OFDM (Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplex) is used in wireless and cellular networks as well as in digital television. Its function is to transmit parallel data on a significant number of subcarriers. In this article we explain how such transmission is effected simply through Fourier transforms and how orthogonality between the subcarriers is achieved. We not only review the advantages of the OFDM but also the issues it raises in radio systems as well as the techniques which allow us to address them. Finally, we briefly present the OFDM parameterization for various radio systems.
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