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Network hybridization is emerging as a strategic solution that leverages the diversity of today's infrastructures (GEO/LEO satellites, fixed and mobile networks). By multiplying data paths, it optimizes the performance, flexibility, and resilience of digital services.This article analyzes interoperability challenges and technical solutions, from the OSI model to application layers, to implement this multi-domain connectivity. It details convergent architectures and explores "multi-mission" hybridization.
Our ability to manipulate individual particles over the past 20 years has enabled a new quantum revolution. This new revolution, known as the “second quantum revolution,” is characterized by the ability to exploit quantum effects for engineering purposes.
This article outlines the satellite system definition process for civil communications, from the initial requirement description to the final architecture.It first details how an operator defines their needs, then discusses the key technical and regulatory sizing criteria, before presenting the solution's main design elements. The article uses these criteria to objectively compare geostationary and non-geostationary orbits, which are crucial for TV broadcasting and low-latency internet access
The 802.11ah standard, also known as Wi-Fi HaLow, is a wireless communication solution specifically designed to meet IoT requirements. It takes the features of traditionnal Wi-Fi and integrates new mechanisms to:-increase the transmission range to a few kilometers;-optimize energy consumption;-manage a large number of devices.This article presents and describes the features of the Wi-Fi HaLow protocol, its functionalities and energy management methods. Simple theoretical models are also proposed, in order to qualify these performances and envisage fields of application.
"High or low altitude platform stations" (HAPS or LAPS), carrying communications equipment, can use several forms of support depending on the specific functions required and the complementary uses sought. Thus, balloons, airships, unmanned aircraft or drones can play two roles by participating in the surveillance of the nearby territory and in the construction of a network complementary to traditional communication networks ensuring complementary global connectivity of a non-terrestrial type.The economics and regulation of these space supports currently being tested remain to be specified."
Although their ground coverage is lower, communication repeaters housed in “high-altitude or low-altitude platform stations” (HAPS/LAPS) have significant advantages over those carried by satellites in terms of reduced implementation, deployment and operating costs.HAPS/LAPS dedicated to firefighting or territorial surveillance can also be associated with communication satellites in order to extend high-speed, low-latency wireless connectivity on a global scale.This article describes the constraints to which HAPS and LAPS, used to provide complementary global connectivity to communication networks, will be subject, as well as the main lines of the various experiments currently underway.
Networks and services are more and more complex both in terms of supported features, sophisticated services to be delivered, number of devices, technologies, number of serviced customers, etc. Also, given that networks are dynamic, advanced tools are needed to:- (automatically) identify root causes of anomalies, disseminate telemetry information, emulate “what-if” scenarios (e.g., Digital Twin Networks), feasibility checks, planning, etc.;- expose capabilities to be consumed by services;- capture service requirements.The lack of standard data models raised in the past many challenges in system integration and often resulted in manual configuration tasks and quasi static actions.
New networking techniques (including those used by “sliced” 5G networks) promise enhanced performance and service-inferred availability. They in particular encourage the development of content services with different constraints.Such services often rely upon the use of the multicast transmission mode for network resource optimization purposes. But these services impose constraints on networks that support slices. Such slices may indeed be solicited to forward the corresponding multicast traffic whose patterns must accommodate service-inferred constraints . Network slice operators are therefore challenged to conceiveand operate multicast slices that are adapted to the content service constraints.A challenge that can be addressed by the solution detailed in this article.
In this article we propose to frame the issue of expansion of digital technologies and their applications with respect to their ecological implications. We show that this sector is facing critical choices, being on a trajectory hardly compatible with net zero emissions targets set at both French and European levels, and a source of mismanaged wastes. We point the main relevant regulations and their limitations. We conclude that following a “digital sufficiency” is necessary.
This article presents the main issues and technological challenges associated with the introduction of satellites into the standards defined by the 3GPP.After a reminder of the elements making up access defined by the 3GPP for the case of satellites without digital processing capacity on board, the technical solutions proposed by the 3GPP are presented. For the case of regenerative satellites, two scenarios are considered : gNB entirely on board or distributed between the edge and the ground. The main constraints and associated characteristics are presented.
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