10. Concluding remarks

The wall of heat has completely changed the landscape of hardware architectures and programming. With single-processors, parallel architectures were limited to servers and massively parallel machines. As processors became multicore and then many-core, parallel architectures became the majority and are present across the entire spectrum: smartphones, tablets, PCs, embedded systems, servers, supercomputers. Only low-end embedded systems requiring little computing power or very low power consumption continue to use single-processors.

The main problem lies in the programming. In 2010, David Patterson published an article in IEEE Spectrum