6. Parallel architecture resources

Until the end of the 20th century, it was relatively easy to present the hardware aspects of parallel architectures. These concerned servers, using multiprocessors, and supercomputers, generally made up of clusters of clusters of multiprocessors. For supercomputers, the characteristics of the processors, memory hierarchies and interconnection networks were the main elements to detail.

With the "wall of heat" (see [H 1 058] ) that led to the "turn to parallelism" and the birth of multicores, then GPUs and many-cores, presenting parallel hardware architectures means presenting...