Conclusion

This article provides an overview of the notion of type and typing in programming languages. The field is vast, and regularly sees the emergence of new advances, concepts and techniques, which can either be transferred from the world of research to industrially-used development environments, or be developed directly by engineers to meet new needs.

Every programming language has its own notion of type, and every programmer, with or without the help of his or her development environment, writes or reads programs with typing information and principles in mind. By way of conclusion, let's recall the contributions of typing to programming.

• Typing detects programming errors and promotes runtime reliability

  As a general rule, compilers perform a typing check before producing code. These checks are...