3. Excess loading of surface foundations

Checks on shallow foundations are carried out at the base of the foundation (figure 2 ), in relation to the force torsor (vertical force V _d, , horizontal forces H _d,x and H _d,y , moments M _d,x and M _d,y ). When a moment is present in the applied torsor, the resultant load is no longer centered and an eccentricity defined as :