7. Settlement of surface foundations

In most cases, the absolute and differential settlements and rotations of a surface foundation must be verified using quasi-permanent ELS.

This check can be performed using several methods:

• pressuremeter method based on Ménard pressuremeter tests, generally used for rigid footings (see appendix H of standard NF P94-261);

• penetrometric method based on the use of the CPT generally applied to rigid footings (cf. appendix I of standard NF P94-261). Several other methods based on the CPT penetrometer exist worldwide;

• slice method using odometric characteristics and applied to all footings (cf. appendix J of standard NF P94-261). It should be noted that this method is also used in conjunction with other laboratory and in-situ tests to obtain moduli correlating...