4. Penetration hardness testing
Unless otherwise specified, in the formulas giving hardness, forces are in newtons (N), lengths in millimeters (mm) and therefore stresses or resistances in newtons per square millimeter (N/mm 2 ).
4.1 Principle and general relations
This is the category of testing to which most of the equipment used industrially belongs.
An indenter hard enough not to be deformed by the material to be tested, and of variable shape (table 2 ), is driven into the metal by the action of a constant force applied under well-defined conditions; either the transverse dimensions or...
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Penetration hardness testing
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