6. Gallium substitutes
For high-performance integrated circuits, there is currently no satisfactory substitute for gallium arsenide.
For LEDs and their applications, liquid crystals based on organic compounds are available. But these are still very expensive.
For infrared laser diode applications, indium phosphide can replace GaAs for specific wavelengths. In the visible range, helium-neon-based lasers may be suitable substitutes.
For solar cells, silicon can replace gallium, at the cost of a loss of efficiency.
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In computers, germanium silicide (SiGe) is likely to replace GaAs-based materials, as it combines a number of advantages:
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Gallium substitutes
Gallium recovery processes
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