5. Germanium substitutes
Research into substitutions has been limited to the most important jobs, but substitutes have not brought satisfactory results.
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Optical fibers
The aim is to reduce the amount of germanium in germanium oxide glasses and replace it completely in fluoride glasses:
germanium oxide glasses, 30 to 76% GeO 2 ; 15 to 20% alkali metals, 3 to 20% Al, Ga or In oxides ;
fluoride glasses: fluoroaluminates and fluorozirconates containing Zr, Ba, La, Al, Na. Although these glasses have very low transmission losses, they can only carry a fifth of the information obtained with conventional fibers.
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IR applications
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Germanium substitutes
Production capacity, consumption
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