2. BSF processes
2.1 Isasmelt and Ausmelt processes
These processes involve a technique using a Top Submergerd Lance (TSL) in a molten bath, developed by CSIRO (Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation, Australia) and Mount Isa Mines Ltd (Isasmelt) in the 1970s. The work was carried out under the direction of John M. Floyd, who founded Ausmelt in 1981 ( , ).
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Benefits
The use of TSL in a closed furnace offers the following advantages ( ) :
fast kinetics and high efficiency in heat and mass transfer;
great flexibility depending on feed quality;
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BSF processes
Hydrometallurgical processes
Bibliography
Websites
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Battery Council International
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CSIRO (Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation) – Australia
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Statistical and economic data
World lead reserves and primary resources
According to the United States Geological Survey (USGS), lead reserves were in the region of 78.5 Mt in 2009 (table ), and identified world resources are estimated at over 1.5 billion tonnes.
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