4. Controls. Measurement. Automation

The efficiency of secondary metallurgy depends largely on measurements and controls, carried out with the dual concern for speed and precision, at the various stages of the operation in the ladle or in the processing equipment. There are four types of measurement and control:

• instantaneous temperature measurement ;

• rapid in situ determination of certain elements, such as dissolved oxygen, hydrogen and nitrogen;

• analysis of the steel's main constituents and inclusions on samples taken from the ladle;

• the problem of weighing load components.