5. Problems with refractories

The results of secondary metallurgy operations (deoxidation, degassing, desulfurization, etc.) can be altered, sometimes significantly, by the poor behavior of steel ladle refractories. .

Several types of reactions are likely to occur:

• dissolution of refractory carbon in steel ;

• vacuum dissociation ;

• metal-refractory reactions ;

• refractory reactions-inclusions ;

• refractory-milk reactions.