4. National technological innovation systems

4.1 French millefeuille

Innovative technology transfer in France is based on a system that has evolved considerably and become increasingly complex since the 2000s. Numerous public reports have highlighted the fact that R&D carried out by universities and public research centers, and technology transfer carried out by transfer centers and technology transfer organizations, are not sufficiently translated into innovations that bring economic gains to the commercial sector, when we compare the French situation with that of other advanced countries.

Faced with this situation, the public authorities have constantly created new structures and mechanisms on top of the existing ones to encourage the transfer of innovative technologies from public research to the...