5. Outlook: the new trump card for developed countries

The dawn of the 21st century is witnessing profound economic, social and environmental upheavals in developed countries, which should find strong responses in the transfer of innovative technologies.

Indeed, since the birth of industry in the late 18th century, global growth has proceeded in cycles. If we extrapolate, the current period would correspond to a pivotal moment between the completion of a third industrial wave and the beginning of the fourth (Figure 5 ). Each wave is associated with clusters of technological innovations and new social organization.