3. Research organizations

Companies founded during the "trente glorieuses" period have RDI organizations strongly influenced by industrial design and production processes (design office – methods – production). The growth of service activities, for which time is a less relevant measure of value production than for activities handling materials, has seen the development of new, highly iterative and retroactive approaches (AGILE, SCRUM...). The development of data accessibility has also made it possible to envisage R&D that is more open to third-party partners - academic partners, of course, but also technical assistance, contract research companies, and even, in certain disciplines, associations, fablabs or private individuals. Over the last ten years, the innovation function has either been integrated into the general product design organization, or treated in the same way as quality was in its early days, in...