Ultramicroelectrodes

Voltammetry on solid electrode - Various electrode configurations

Figure 1 - Principle of a thin-film electrochemical cell with a flat disc indicator electrode

Figure 2 - Theoretical intensity-potential curve in thin film

Figure 3 - Cathodic part of the theoretical intensity-potential curve in the case of a completely irreversible charge transfer reaction for different values of k0 (according to [2])

Figure 4 - Cathodic part of the theoretical intensity-potential curve in the case of a completely irreversible charge transfer reaction for different values of αnα(according to [2])

Figure 5 - Schematic diagram of an optically transparent thin-film electrochemical cell

Figure 6 - Voltammetry and absorption spectrometry in thin-film cells (based on [5])

Figure 7 - Theoretical cyclic voltammogram obtained at an electrode modified by attaching a monolayer of electroactive species. Case of a fast charge transfer reaction.

Figure 8 - Influence of the interaction parameter …

Figure 9 - Schematic representation of the various phenomena involved in an electrochemical process at an electrode modified by a polymer film containing an electroactive species

Figure 10 - Influence of the thickness of the polymer film containing the electroactive species Red on the behavior of a polymer-modified electrode (based on [6])

Figure 11 - Case of a rapid single-electron transfer reaction at the electrode/film interface (according to [14])

Figure 12 - Case of a quasi-fast single-electron transfer reaction at the electrode/film interface (according to [14])

Figure 13 - Cyclic voltammograms of a cobalt porphyrin substituted with a pyrrole group (according to [9])

Figure 14 - Diagram of a graphite paste indicator electrode

Figure 15 - Configurations related to graphite paste electrodes

Figure 16 - Theoretical cyclic voltammogram at a graphite paste electrode containing an electroactive compound X that is virtually insoluble in the electrolyte binder (according to [22])

Figure 17 - Experimental cyclic voltammograms obtained at the graphite paste electrode (binder &#61; 2 M H2SO4) after introducing increasing amounts of ferrocene (according to [17])

Figure 18 - Influence of graphite quantity and potential scanning rate on the shape of the cyclic voltammogram at a graphite paste electrode (without binder) (according to [23])

Figure 19 - Diagram of the rotating disc and ring electrode tip

Figure 20 - Volt-ampere diagrams with a rotating disc and ring electrode

Figure 21 - Behavior of the copper system at a rotating disc and ring electrode (based on [25])

Figure 23 - Different geometries of ultramicroelectrodes

Figure 24 - Diagrams showing the construction of ultramicroelectrodes

Figure 25 - Gold nanoelectrode (based on [33])

Figure 26 - Device comprising two sets of rows of interdigitated microelectrodes (printed circuit board width: 6 mm)

Figure 27 - Network of microdisks, each with a diameter of 100 μm, prepared by photolithography (based on [34])

Figure 28 - Direction of diffusion flows at an ultramicroelectrode

Figure 29 - Cyclic voltammetry of a dopamine solution (4·105 M) at a flat carbon disk electrode (diameter 7 μm) in phosphate buffer solution (according to [35])

Figure 30 - Voltammetry using an ultramicroelectrode in a low-conductivity medium (based on [36])

Figure 31 - Cyclic voltammetry at an ultramicroelectrode with very high potential scanning rates (based on [37])

Figure 32 - Constant pulse derivative voltammetry applied to in vivo experiments (based on [38])

Figure 33 - Example of the application of a modified ultramicroelectrode to NO measurement in biological media (based on [40])

Figure 34 - Electrochemical methodology for in vivo detection of electroactive species injected or produced in a mouse tumor (based on [41])