Overview
ABSTRACT
The analysis of trace elements concerns fields as varied as environment, health and electronics. The protocols developed will thus be directly conditioned by these application fields (type of samples, trace level, information required, etc.). After a global approach of trace analysis, this article describes the main steps of the analysis of the total content of elements (not only the measurement itself but also sampling, dissolution, concentration), and then deals with more specific questions (imaging, speciation, analysis of nanoparticles). The last part is devoted to the validation and reliability of the results.
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Read the articleAUTHORS
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Linda AYOUNI-DEROUICHE: CNRS Research Engineer - Institut des Sciences Analytiques, Villeurbanne, France
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Frédérique BESSUEILLE-BARBIER: CNRS Research Engineer - Institut des Sciences Analytiques, Villeurbanne, France
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Nicole GILON: Senior Lecturer at Lyon 1 University - Institut des Sciences Analytiques, Villeurbanne, France
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Agnès HAGÈGE: CNRS Research Associate - Institut des Sciences Analytiques, Villeurbanne, France
INTRODUCTION
The analysis of trace elements concerns sectors as varied as advanced technologies (alloys, semi-conductors, nuclear...), health (food products, biological fluids, work atmospheres...), the environment (air, water, soil, sediments...) or geochemistry (rocks, sediments...). The most common request is to determine the overall content of one or more elements in matrices of all kinds and origins.
In many cases, however, this information proves insufficient, and a new type of request is emerging that also concerns the chemical form (molecules, biomolecules or nanoparticles) in which the element is present, and its location.
Like other fields of application, trace element analysis is subject to ever-increasing demands, not only in terms of detection limits, but also in terms of cost and time, all of which contribute to its progress. More recently, awareness of the need for greener analytical chemistry has also led to changes in the way trace element analysis is approached.
The aim of this article is to present the various stages in the analytical chain leading to the determination of trace elements, without being exhaustive, but mentioning the most commonly used techniques and the developments aimed at satisfying the many economic and environmental criteria.
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KEYWORDS
nanoparticles | atomic spectrometry | sample treatment | imaging | speciation
Trace and ultra-trace element analysis
General approach to trace analysis
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