3. Ambivalent sensors
In this section, we describe the general operating principles of sensor types which, a priori, can operate in both liquid and gas phases.
3.1 Piezoelectric transducers
The phenomenon of piezoelectricity is manifested by the appearance of electrical polarization in certain anisotropic dielectric materials (absence of a center of symmetry in the crystalline lattice) when they are deformed under the effect of a force of suitable direction. If we create a capacitor by placing a pair of armatures on opposite sides of a piezoelectric plate, a force will produce charges of opposite signs on the opposing armatures, resulting in a potential difference proportional to the force applied. A device of this kind can be used to measure forces and any physical quantities likely...
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Ambivalent sensors
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