Conclusion

To limit emissions and the negative externalities of transport, priority must be given to the private car and to overland freight transport by road.

Electricity is the key to the energy transition, and the only alternative to liquid petroleum fuels by 2050. However, the electric vehicle must not be recharged with carbon-based electricity, and is not a miracle recipe for reducing traffic jams. Unsuspected synergies, such as V2G, must be sought out, as they will bring transport out of its isolation from the rest of the energy system.

Energy transformations are made possible by technological innovations, but they are also triggered by societal/social factors. It is just as important to reduce the need for mobility, to encourage non-motorized or low-motorized travel, and to implement policies that encompass urban and regional planning....