2. Transport policies in European cities: structuring axes and assessment

European cities have implemented proactive policies to meet these challenges, with the aim of encouraging a modal shift from the private car to other modes of transport and optimizing urban freight, against a backdrop of travel volumes representing multiplication factors for urban resident populations (for example, three times as many trips as population in Lyon).

These travel policies are structured around two axes:

• an increase in supply. This involves investment in transport infrastructure – which will be increasingly difficult in the context of France's public finances – and, more recently, the introduction of new mobility services centered on vehicle sharing (self-service bicycles, car-sharing, car-pooling);

• action to modify demand. These include communication campaigns to encourage...