Acronyms, notations and symbols

Industrial Waste Heat : Valorisation by Thermocline Storage

Figure 1 - Breakdown of CO2 emissions between decarbonation and combustion in 2018 (from [1]).

Figure 2 - Greenhouse gas emissions from the manufacturing and construction industries in France in 2019 (based on [2])

Figure 3 - Final energy consumption in French manufacturing industry in 2019 (according to [5])

Figure 4 - Breakdown of waste heat lost each year in French industry (according to [3])

Figure 5 - Typical steady-state heat balance of a fuel-fired furnace (from [3])

Figure 6 - Technologies for recovering waste heat (from [16])

Figure 7 - Operating principle of a two-tank molten-salt thermal storage system (after [18])

Figure 8 - Operating principle of a &#34;thermocline&#34; thermal storage system and illustration of the evolution of the discharge outlet temperature as a function of time.

Figure 9 - Dynamic viscosity (μ) of liquid (left axis, solid lines) and gaseous (right axis, dotted lines) heat transfer fluids (after [34])

Figure 10 - Heat transfer coefficients as a function of temperature at a fluid velocity of 2 m·s–1 for molten salts and liquid metals (from [34])

Figure 11 - Heat transfer coefficients as a function of temperature at a fluid velocity of 2 m·s–1 for gases (from [34])

Figure 12 - Example of a thermocline storage tank (after [50])

Figure 13 - Order of magnitude of energy densities of material families as a function of their maximum operating temperature

Figure 14 - Process diagram of a two-tank industrial waste heat capture, storage and recovery system

Figure 15 - Breakdown of thermal energy consumed in a terracotta factory before and after the installation of an Eco-Stock® solution.

Figure 16 - Photograph of an industrial waste heat storage and recovery system in a terracotta factory